The powder propagation behavior of powder nozzles for the laser metal deposition (LMD) process has a significant influence on powder utilization rate and track geometry. A well-focused powder stream will lead to a higher process efficiency and lower material loss.


Powder channels with different roughness and a constant diameter of 1.5 mm were placed by wire electrical discharge machining into a copper alloy printed by powder bed fusion. Nickel base powder with a size of – 106 µm + 45 µm was delivered through the powder channels with varied carrier gas flow rates and varied powder mass flow rates. High-Speed imaging was used to analyze the powder flow. From these recordings the dispersion angle of the powder stream from single channels could be measured as well as the velocity of particles. Moreover, the relationship between individual particle velocity and individual particle flight angle was investigated.


It was found that the inner roughness of powder channels has a major impact on powder propagation behavior. It could be shown that with a decrease in Ra from 2.16 µm to 0.27 µm the divergence angle decreased by around 61% while the particle velocity was increased by at least 28% for all varied parameters. Particles with a high velocity tend to have a lower particle flight angle.