Controlled synthesis and processing of new quantum materials and nanostructures have been the driving force behind the discovery of their novel properties and potential applications. For instance, two-dimensional (2D) materials, including metal chalcogenides, have recently emerged as an exciting new class of quantum materials that have the potential to enable numerous new technological applications ranging from optoelectronics to photonics. The strong electron-photon interactions in these material systems not only define their fascinating behavior but also can be used as a versatile synthesis and processing tool to precisely tailor their structures and properties. In this talk, I will describe some of the laser-based approaches we are undertaking to control the synthesis and processing of various 2D materials. Synthesis and processing of mono- and few-layer 2D semiconductors including MoS₂, MoSe₂, WS₂, and WSe₂ with controlled orientation, number of layers, crystallite size, and growth location will be demonstrated. I will particularly highlight the accelerated growth of high-quality 2D materials using direct laser vaporization of stoichiometric powders. I will then show the formation of a patterned array of lateral heterostructures between monolayer 2D materials as well as patterned integration onto various platforms, including flexible and rigid substrates, which are essential steps toward next-generation 2D photonics devices. These laser-based approaches provide unique synthesis and processing opportunities that are not easily accessible through conventional methods.