Material properties are known to be strongly size dependent. Nanoscale properties have been studied extensively as they differ greatly from that of bulk materials. To achieve nanoscale features, laser-based growth and processing techniques can be used in either a “top-down” or “bottom-up” approach. Pulsed laser deposition allows for the control of stoichiometric and crystalline states via growth conditions, while pulsed laser ablation in liquids can be used to synthesize nanoparticles. In addition, nanoscale surface features can be generated via high intensity laser pulses in the form of laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) or via direct laser interference patterning (DLIP), which offers a more direct approach to control the nanostructured period. The rich physics of transition metal oxides can be accessed via nanoscale spatial structuring. By nanostructuring these metal oxide materials, improved functionality can be achieved. Transparent conducting oxides are the backbone of current optoelectronics while metal insulator transition oxides are candidate materials for the dynamic control of electromagnetic radiation. Here, we will focus on the electrical and optical properties of transition metal oxides using both thin films and nanostructured materials. The effect of epitaxial strain on the phase transition temperature, electro-optic properties, and dynamics will be discussed. The anisotropic optical and electrical properties of nanostructured thin films generated via DLIP / LIPSS will be highlighted to demonstrate the large control over materials properties afforded by nanostructuring.